Causes And Effects Of Air Pollution

When air gets polluted with dust, smoke, motor vehicles, mills and factories etc. is called air pollution. We know that air is an important element of our environment. But it is a matter of great regret that it is being polluted day by day in different reasons. Causes of Air pollution:There are different kinds of reasons of air pollution. The causes of air pollution are described below.1. Using poison in agriculture: In agricultural sectors, farmers often use insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers etc. These get mixed with air and causes air pollution. Besides, Ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related activities and is one of the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. âž ¢ Air Pollution-Paragraph2. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major causes of air pollution. Smoke emitting from vehicles like buses, trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes etc. causes air pollution.3. Industrial sm oke: In mills and factories, large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals is emitted that causes air pollution. It is true that mills and factories can be found at every corner of the world that cause a huge amount of harmful gases that are the major causes of air pollution.4. Indoor activities: Different kinds of household activities like cleaning products, washing, painting etc. emit different kinds of toxic chemicals in the air and cause air pollution.Effects of Air pollution: There are different kinds of negative and harmful effects of air pollution. The effects of air pollution are described below.1. Global warming: Air pollution causes global warming in a great scale. With  increased temperatures world wide, increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat have already signaled an impending disaster if actions for preservation and normalization aren't undertaken soon.2. Causes dise ases: The effects of Air pollution are very harmful for health. It causes different kinds of respiratory diseases like heart attack, Cancer, bronchitis etc. Every year millions of people of all over the world die due to direct or indirect effects of air pollution.3. Acid Rain:Acid raining is another effects of air pollution. Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets combines with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain. Acid rain can cause great damage to human, animals and crops.4. Depletion of Ozone layer:Air pollution depletes Ozone layer. Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go thin, it w ill emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.5. Harms to the wild life:Air pollution harms the wilderness. Humans and animals face a lot of devastating effects due to air pollution. Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their habitat. The toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also affect sea animals.6. Depletion of Ozone layer:Air pollution depletes Ozone layer. Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.  Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.Conclusion:In the long run, it can be said that it is the right time to protect air pollution. To create a better place to live in for the human being and wilderness we have stop air pollution.

Current Economic Policy Proposal Under Debate In Japan

The current economic policy of Japan does not give any support to non-profitable organizations, indebted institutes, banking sector that has a direct impact on working class of the society. It is said that current policy can drive many companies into bankruptcy.The ultimate result can be that many working class people will loose job and unemployment can increase. In order to raise the profitability and decrease the losses on the economy it was estimated that there will be 40% loss on salaries. That would have a damaging impact on their living and spending. It would resemble the era of post war (Conachy, 2001).Koizumi has advocated a system in order to bring reforms in the current economic status. His reforms were proposed to reduce further debt growth, privatization of certain companies in order to pay off debts of states, and avoid bankruptcies.Koizumi said, â€Å"There will be companies going bankrupt and increased unemployment, but if we are fearful of unemployment, we will never see the recovery of the Japanese economy.† According to Koizumi for any future economic growth first we’ll have to suffer some initial turmoil, corporate bankruptcies and increase in unemployment. There are no such rules to boost economical status in a matter of day or weeks. Quick boost to have immediate financial outcomes is not possible (Conachy, 2001).Japan need to completely reform the current policy in order to get fruitful results. For this Japan will have to go through a recession period. According to Koizumi, â€Å"There are people who say emergency economic measures should come first, but the reason the economy is not recovering is the lack of structural-reform policy†¦..It is important for Japan to go through ‘negative economic growth’—or recession—before it could begin to expand again.† (Conachy, 2001)Koizumi is the fourth candidate in election and suggests that if given charge he would form a coalition government with the opposition parties. His position is very strong in politics and might get most the votes in the upcoming elections (Conachy, 2001).Few banks including Bank of Japan and Central bank are considering increasing interest rates and monitoring the results. The interest rate was fixed to zero but raised at 0.25 at the central bank in last July.The economy of Japan is in turmoil because of policy changes. In many instances Bank of Japan is blamed for these damaging impacts.Japan has the second largest economy of the world. It grew in the last decades because there was considerable increase in investment from the businesses side reaching 2.2 from 0.8% and increased funds from consumer spending to 1.1%. In last December the inflation was slowed with GDP rate of expansion reached to 4.8%.It is hoped that this will cause an economic recovery. According to Goldman Sachs, â€Å"growth suggests there is a high likelihood of the mechanism underlying the economic recovery being sustained in t he first quarter and beyond.†According to Akio Makabe, â€Å"Raising rates would go opposite to the government's policy of spurring economic growth through lower rates and a cheap yen, it would be difficult to persuade the government with a rate hike when there is little inflation.† (Bloomberg News, 2007)The current increase in GDP rates is contrasting government decision of economic policy to reduce the price of yen and ultimately no hike from the government side can be expected due to reduced inflation.

Application Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Application Question - Essay Example Nonetheless, Television presents the economic performance on main economic players within a country and presents. The television is always accurate in presenting the share indices of companies trading in the stock exchanges thus a useful source for the public and other stakeholders who wish to invest in such firms (White, Angappa, and Matthew 47). However, provision of economic information on the television sets tends to undermine local entrepreneurship and Instead of promoting local economic drives individuals to favour multinational enterprise. Television, as a creative industry, has also been instrumental in integrating cultural needs and expectations of the public through various programs (White, Angappa, and Matthew 47). Television is always vital in upholding cultural heritage of a country through awareness creation among the locals or residents. So often, it is common to witness a country promoting its local culture through television as the most preferred mainstream media. To individuals who prefer to uphold their cultural heritage, television is a modest way of accepting their culture and belonging. More important, television is a way of creating cultural tolerance since the programs are always multinational (White, Angappa, and Matthew 47). However, television breeds bad behaviours among the public bringing into question the role it plays in integrating cultural needs and expectations. The implication is that television promotes externally imposed cultural values making individuals to disregard their local norms because they prefer affluent cultures that they watch on their television sets. Of the two significances, economic integration is the major contribution of television that steers development in any given country. The implication is that economic integration focuses on accessibility of information which is very crucial for development and generation of investment

Certified fitness trainer (Question4) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Certified fitness trainer (Question4) - Essay Example runner, and a swimmer should perform high repetitions of around 13 to 15 because their aim for resistance training is essentially to develop muscle endurance. However, while they perform higher repetitions, the weight of their load may be set at relatively low levels. Using the same rule, we may conclude that clients like a carpenter or an obese client should be exposed to heavier weights but with fewer repetitions, ranging from 6 to 12 repetitions because their purpose for resistance training is to develop muscles. In a related manner, clients who want to develop muscular strength, such as the power lifter and the football player, must use much heavier weights but only engage in lower repetitions of around 4 to 5 repetitions in each weight. Finally, a secretary and a lawyer may engage in either high or moderate levels of repetitions depending on their resistance training

Lawmaking in the States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lawmaking in the States - Essay Example Lawmaking is not only made contentious, but very difficult, due to partisanship. The legislature is affected adversely due to the bitter partisanship, when the two parties just keep on playing the blame game and side with their own party member, irrespective of their own personal beliefs, and without taking into account the cost of their â€Å"fights† to the public exchequer. It is interesting to note that the Senate delayed the state budgets of both 1997 and 1999 by months due to partisanship. The Republicans blamed Majority Leader Chuck Chvala for it, whereas he passed the proverbial buck to the Republicans. No matter who was responsible, the result was that with so much time spent on passing the budget, there was very little time left for other legislation. The legislators deliberate policy proposals in the Senate or the House of Representatives (U. S. Congress). A proposal is introduced as a â€Å"bill† or a â€Å"resolution† by any member of the house in front of a Committee, which can hold meetings or collect relevant evidence and can also amend the bill if they consider it necessary. The bills are approved if the majority of the House votes for it. Once these proposals/ bills are approved they are sent to the other house for deliberation. Legislators build support through various ways, these include, but are not limited to, creating advisory committees consisting of people supporting the proposal and reaching out to others with the proposal. Also newsletters are published with information about the proposal, along with the results of Community Surveys on the proposal. They also attend as many Community Meetings as possible with the view of increasing their relationship with the local people as well as the media. When there is a difference of opinion between the two chambers of the legislature, or when there is an amendment being made at the second chamber, the bill

Family communication class journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Family communication class journal - Essay Example The modern days are faced with technological advancement that simplifies the family way of life. People communicate via modern technologies such as emails, cell phones and other social media appliances. This alters family communication time. Members lack enough time to communicate with each other (Walsh, 1983). The technology is also very important because it helps people connect with their relatives who live in far places. Modern family plans on how to overcome all the obstacles hindering communication. For instance, a family may plan a lunch date together or plan a gathering to talk about issues affecting the family. There are those families that set ritual or events that bring all the family members together weekly or on a monthly basis. They set the events in several dimensions including creating time to talk, work, or relax together (Walsh, 1983). Research indicates that many families are failing to meet the needs of their members. Less attention is paid to strong, healthy families, and the values that make families successful. It is important for families to seek information on how to improve communication and live a healthy family life. Researchers use two methods to carrying out studies on successful communication methods in a family. They study family strengths per se as the first method (Walsh, 1983). The assumption underlying this method is that there must be things that families with strong communication do in order to enhance good communication. The second method is studying healthy or normal families to evaluate the characteristics that distinguish them from their dysfunctional counterparts (Walsh, 1983). In most instances, communication of feelings and attitudes is done through words or physical gestures. Communication is built by several key factors. Among these factors is tone of voice, body language and listening. The tone of a family member’s voice will create

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Research Proposal - Essay Example asingly information driven lives have further fueled a surge in the use of photography so much so that it is required to obtain professional training in order to pursue it as a career or as a serious hobby. As such, assuming that one has the required professional capabilities, establishing a business based on photography raises yet another important question with regards to starting and sustaining the business. The proposed project, whose purpose shall be further explained as part of this research proposal, is aimed at conceiving and developing a framework that will be assessed based on the intention of setting up a proposed photo studio as a feasible business option. The study conducted as part of the effort involved in setting up this photo studio in my town, to be known as â€Å"Brand Image†, will concentrate on identifying key areas such as potential sales opportunities, identification of industry competitors and general market averages, which will also be utilized as benchmarks for evaluating the worthiness of the proposed business. The proposed research aims to study ways in which the new studio will be able to exploit the visible market comprising of photographic artists, individual artists as well as those belonging to large studios as sources for producing photographic material. The business plan shall be developed keeping in mind the potential client base comprising divers e clients such as advertising agencies, public relations agencies and designers. Key services offered by the studio will cover many areas of the business such as Wedding / Portrait photography, Commercial / Industrial photography, Advertising / Fashion photography, and supplementary photographic services such as retouching & CGI. In brief, the proposed studio will work towards providing core services in the areas of Commercial, and Advertising photography. (1) Development of the business idea for the photo studio: wherein the effort will be focused on identifying the main consumer

Reading log (summary+respond) Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading log (summary+respond) - Article Example While calling shat a chat as a â€Å"Jet Set†, the author gives example of an American talking to a man from Middle East, which details the body language and postural adjustment of the two while each one retreats sometimes and takes a step forward the other times, during such conversation. Davis feels that engaging an interpreter will not solve the problem, as the person may not be able to translate the body language. The article signifies that same conversation can carry different meaning when the two people engaged in same are from different cultures, earth zones or gender. An example of interpreting the conversation would mean many Arabs liking to remain within a breath’s distance from each other as they aim at building close elations. However, Americans would like to maintain a space of at-least 18 inches when doing so. Davis has rightly pointed to the importance of interpreting the distance and space maintained by two people as they converse with each other. For example, Arabs find it useful and result-oriented if they are at a â€Å"spitting distance† with their listener, as they are able to build stronger relations with each other in this manner. On the other hand, such gesture would prove repelling for Americans, who may think it as an intrusion into their privacy.(Gardner) Gardner.S, â€Å"New Directions: Reading, Writing and Critical Thinking†, goggle books, nd, web, 3 March 2015:

Understanding Good Customer Service Essay Example for Free

Understanding Good Customer Service Essay This is when they ask for something and they expect a certain level of service Customer satisfaction- This is when customers feel like you’ve given them a good service Main characteristics of typical customers- Typical customers purchase goods/services, make queries and ask for advice. Exceeding customer expectation- Providing good value for money, giving advice and information quickly, providing additional help and support and good discounts. Falling short of customer service- Being unable to meet customers’ expectations, unable to deliver services/goods and being rude. Different responsibilities in customer service Supervisor- training, day to day responsibilities, supervision and a source of advice Line manager- more supervision, more responsibility, and auditing. Customer service roles- Receptionist, shop assistant, delivery driver and accounts manager. Different kinds of information- Informative, instructive, directive, warning and safety. Common sources of information- Brochures, leaflets, internet, press reports and from your customers. Customer’s service experience is affected by the behaviour they receive from customer service practitioners Showing concern- Sympathy Listening- Nodding, saying yes Positive body language- Keeping eye contact Indentifying the reason for dissatisfaction- Faulty goods, no delivery. Apologising- Saying sorry, explain the reasons Remaining calm and in control- Not losing temper Typical customer service problems- Complaints, faults, deliveries and not fit for purpose Reporting customer service problems- To your supervisor, to your manager and to the supplier. Teamwork: To customer- Consistent service and effective cover for absences To organisation- Consistency and effective cover for absences To self- Help, support and an impact on motivation Organisational practices and procedures- Keeping accurate records, answering phones, staff appearance and dress, refunds policy and complaint handling. Importance- Ensuring consistent and reliable service, customer satisfaction, efficient operation and corporate identity. Reffering to someone in authority when? Outside own expertise, outside own authority, seeking advice and unable to deal with customer. Reffering to someone in authority how? Face to face, in writing, over the telephone and via text or email. Security of customer and their property- Compliance with health and safety laws, ensuring hygienic work practice and having a security alert. Security of customer information- Data protection laws and credit and debit details. Health and safety- Compliance with health and safety regulations, control of substances hazardous to health regulations 1994 and fire safety regulations. Treating customers equally- equal opportunities, racial and gender discrimination and compliance with regulations act. Importance of confidentiality to customer- making sure name, address, debit and credit card and details of purposes are secure. Importance and confidentiality to staff- making sure names, address’s are secure. Also making sure it is compliant with the data protection act- access limited to authorised personnel and computers need a password to be accessed. Legislation- Working time directive 1999, working with computers, equality act 2010 and the disability discrimination act. Effect of external regulations- organisational procedures and the trade body codes of conduct.

Size Reduction and Screening Essay Example for Free

Size Reduction and Screening Essay Size reduction and screening The purpose of this experiment was to determine the affect of vibration rate and time on the size reduction and size separation of particles. The objective was successfully completed and the initial sample of soil was separated by vibration into finer particles with a large amount passing through the smallest diameter screen which was 0. 0278 inches producing a final product of fine soil particles which are now easier to transport and store. As can be seen from the graph below (figure 1) undersize particles verses screens, all three different vibration settings (45%, 65%, 85%) produced similar results for the screening process. At the beginning of the experiment (time zero) all of the soil sample was placed on the first screen, number 5, and after repeated screening (vibrating) the sample was broken down in more uniform sizes leaving larger pieces of soil left on the screen while smaller sizes fell through finally producing a fine powder left in the bottom pan. As can be seen from the graph below, after six minutes (the fourth bullet point on graph each bullet point represents two minutes of vibrating) the soil had mostly been sorted into its final sizes. This occurred for all three different vibration settings indicating that after a certain time period, six minutes for this particular experiment, the screening process is 90% complete and may be more cost effective to stop the process as only a small percentage is then sorted into smaller sizes. It can be seen though, that after a few minutes of screening, the original soil sample was sorted into a much more manageable sample making storage and transportation much easier. With regards to retained soil over time, again all three percentage settings produced similar results. The pan weight increased over time as more soil was broken down and this was to be expected as this is the purpose of this particular procedure. Screen 5 and 12, with the larger diameter holes contained the larger, unbreakable soil samples slowly decreased in soil being retained until only the large unbreakable matter was left. All the screens, screen number 14, 16, 20 and 25 kept a rough constant weight indicating that a certain percentage could be broken down and pass through the screens while the rest had reached its optimum broken down size. The higher vibration setting, 65% and 85% had more constant weight and this was due to the sample being vibrated at a higher setting and being broken quicker and thus settling. To conclude, from this small scale experiment alone it can be seen that size reduction and screening is a very useful and effective procedure in reducing the size of a sample making transportation cheaper and easier and taking up less storage space and in a world of cutting costs, this procedure has become vital to a number of different industries

Motion Coherence and Luminance Effects

Motion Coherence and Luminance Effects Jamie Nourzad   Motion Coherence and Luminance Effects on Visual Evoked Potentials The electroencephalogram (EEG) as described by David Eagleman and Jonathan Downar (2016), is a device designed to measure and record brain wave patterns, and was originally designed for evaluating brain activity of epileptic and brain damaged patients (p. 312). The current study is a replication of Kubova, Kuba, Spekreijse, and Blakemores 1995 study utilizing the EEG to measure the effects of coherence and luminance on motion-onset visual evoked potentials (VEPs). The two independent variables looked at in this study were motion coherence (100% coherent and 1% coherent), and luminance (dim vs bright). The hypotheses were (a.) coherence should affect the amplitude of the N2 peak; specifically, that low coherence should result in a higher peak amplitude, and (b.) luminance (brightness) should affect the latency; specifically, that low luminance should delay the peak. Methods Participants The study participants were Kennesaw State University (KSU) student volunteers from three sections of PSYC 4410. Participants were offered course extra credit of 25 points to take part in the study. Student participants served as both subjects and research assistants. There was no selection criterion for the subjects. The participants serving as research assistants administered the electroencephalogram (EEG) on the subjects (n = 16) in Dr. Tim Martins lab at KSU, under direct supervision of Dr. Martin. Recording and Procedure VEPs were recorded with a 40-channel NuAmps amplifier with the filter set at 0.03 200 Hz, the sampling rate set at 500 Hz, and with linked earlobe reference. Participant subjects and research assistants met for scheduled sessions in Dr. Martins lab. Research assistants applied the EEG cap, gel, and electrodes to the subjects. Subjects were given instructions to look at computer generated stimuli: 400 trials (100 per condition) of 500 moving dots (each 0.02 ° of visual angle in size). Stimuli were presented in viewing aperture 5 ° across. Duration was 500 ms, inter-trial interval 500-2000 ms; randomly varied, using uniform distribution. The subjects were asked to perform small mechanical manipulations on the computer keyboard in response to the visual stimuli. The EEG data was processed by using a low pass filter at 45 Hz. The bad epochs were removed from the data, and all blink artifacts were removed with independent components analysis. Results Results successfully replicated earlier findings (Bach, M., Ullrich, D., 1997; Kubova et al., 1995) showing a clear effect of coherence for dim stimuli on amplitude, but there was no apparent effect of coherence for the bright stimuli. See Figure 1. Discussion Analysis of VEPs serves as a tool in detecting various abnormalities that may involve the visual pathways, such as epilepsy and other brain dysfunctions. Implications of the results of this study support previous research providing evidence that there are various neural mechanisms involved in motion-related VEPs that expand beyond the primary visual cortex (Bach, M., Ullrich, D., 1997; Braddick, O.J., OBrien, J.M.D., Wattam-Bell, J., Atkinson, J., Hartley, T., Turner, R., 2001; Kubova et al., 1995). The hypotheses that low coherence would result in a higher N2 peak amplitude was confirmed. Potential confounders to the study would be research assistant inexperience, as well as the inability to control for both internal and external noise, which could degrade the recordings (Jackson, A.F., Bolger, D.J., 2014). References Bach, M., Ullrich, D. (1997). Contrast dependency of motion-onset and pattern-reversal VEPs: Interaction of stimulus type, recording site, and response component. Vision Research, 37, 1845-1849. Braddick, O.J., OBrien, J.M.D., Wattam-Bell, J., Atkinson, J., Hartley, T., Turner, R. (2001). Brain areas sensitive to coherent visual motion. Perception, 30, 61-72. Eagleman, D., Downar, J. (2015). Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective. Oxford University Press. Jackson, A.F., Bolger, D.J. (2014). The neurophysiological bases of EEG and EEG measurement: A review for the rest of us. Psychophysiology, 51, 1061-1071. Kubova, Z., Kuba, M., Spekreijse, H., Blakemore, C. (1995). Contrast dependence of motion-onset and patter-reversal evoked potentials. Vision Research, 35, 197-205. Figure 1. Coherence for dim and bright stimulus on amplitude.      

self :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Self-esteem, according to Introduction to Psychology by Dennis Coon, is defined as regarding oneself as a worthwhile person or a positive evaluation of oneself1. This study focuses on the examination of African American adolescent self-esteem based on the independent variables of parental marital status, income, and family structure. Is it possible that these variables could affect a confidence that is supposed to come from oneself? According to Mandara and Murray, these variables greatly affect the self-esteem in African American boys and girls in different but significant ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was important for me to choose an article that I could relate with and also that interested me. I found this article to have both these qualities and also be the most accurate with several tables and outside references to make it as comprehensive as it could be. I found the material easy to read and understand as well. It also stood out because it was narrowly focused on a specific topic with specific factors. I found other articles that were so broad, I could hardly imagine them having accurate results. Once I chose this topic, the articles available to me were few and far between, which I feel is too bad because it is an important topic and before we can begin helping those adolescents who are lacking self-esteem, we must first find out where the problem originates. Having grown up in a single parent, middle class income family and being the oldest of two children, I feel that I can now understand why I sometimes felt inadequate with myself. The unspoken pressure to make my mom proud and be a â€Å"good† big sister created this inadequacy. This study definitely helped me understand this pressure and proved that unlike my thought at the time, I was not the only teenager going through this enormous drop in self-esteem. Mandura and Murray predicted four outcomes based on the three perspectives formed by Amato & Keith (1991) and Heiss (1996) 2; the family structure, the family income and the family functioning perspectives. First, that the self-esteem of boys not girls would be affected by their parents’ marital status. Second, that both genders would have higher quality of family functioning than single parent households. The third prediction concluded that the effects of marital status on self-esteem would be less if family income was statistically matched with other families. The last hypothesis predicted that family functioning had a greater effect on self-esteem than family structure.

Immigration of the Lao Iu Mein :: Laos Thailand

Immigration of the Lao Iu Mein I thought it would be an interesting idea to enlighten and inform people about the Lao Iu Mein and our process of immigrating to the U.S. as well as the challenges we have to overcome. I interviewed my parents, Lao Iu Mein refugees who immigrated to the United States from Thailand. Through this interview, I had a chance to hear for the first time the story of my parents' struggles and experiences as they journeyed to a place where they became "aliens" and how that place is now the place they call "home." During the 1960s and 70s, Laos became engulfed in the Vietnam War. The U.S. government also got involved by supporting the anti-Communist forces and getting the tribes in Laos to help them. The Iu Mein, as well as other minority tribes, provided the U.S. with armed manpower, intelligence, and surveillance. In 1975, the community forces rose in victory as the Iu Mein people began to escape to their homeland. My father said that the reason my family, as well as most of the Iu Mein in Laos, ran away was because they didn't want to be under the new Pathet Lao government. Escaping was not easy to accomplish. Many of my parents' friends who were caught trying to escape were taken to prisons, tortured, and most of them were killed. My parents were terrified of the Vietnamese soldiers and prayed that nothing would happen to them, their brothers, sisters, parents, and their son (my brother) who was 8 years old at the time. They had to flee during the night, pass through the jungles an d onto boats traveling across the Mekong River. When they reached Thailand, my parents and those who escaped with them were taken to refugee camps. The camps were fenced with barbed wire and guarded by armed Thai soldiers. The refugees were given a curfew that only allowed them to stay out before 10 pm. If they were caught disobeying curfew, they would be beaten and taken to jail. The camps received food and supplies that were provided by the United Nations Organization. My parents said that in the camps, their lives were still hard although they felt safer. My mother said that the one thing they worried most about was the fact that they wouldn't continue their farming to grow food, something that had been part of the daily lives before the camp.

The Law with Teens and Nude Photos

Composition 101 October 18, 2012 In Dahlia Lithwick’s article â€Å"Teens, Nude Photos and the Law†, she talks about how teen boys and girls are sending nude pictures to their boyfriends or girlfriends. They use their mobile devices like cell phones, ipod, computers and their cameras to send their nude image. She then addresses the consequences of the nude photo that the teenager has received. The teenager that received the photo can be charged with a felony of child pornography. The author then discusses why the teenager should not be treated harshly.She states that many of the teenagers are still immature and they don’t know the consequences of sending nude photos to each other. In her article she argues that the criminal justice system is taking it too far in charging the teenagers as child pornographers. I agree with the author because there is a real problem with criminalizing sexting as a form of child pornography. The teenagers caught with the photo will b e charged with child pornography. Child pornography is a serious offence and can stay forever on your lifetime record and mess up your life.The majorities of the teenagers that are charged with the crime are not even predators, but a picture like has big consequences if it’s ever to get out on the internet. In my first argument, Dahlia Lithwick states that the teenagers are being punished to harshly. (Lithwick 492) She is right the charges against them are too severe. They can stay on their record for a long time or even forever. If the teenager would go look for a job and they were to pull up his records and they find that he has a child pornography offence, they won’t want to hire him.Who would want to hire a person who takes images of kids? It is a serious offence too people all over the world, but its a big charge just for a teen. Especially if that teen is a boy and receives a random photo on his cell phone and it’s a nude photo of his girlfriend and she is drunk. It’s not his fault that she is drunk. She is a drunk and underage girl. Teens don’t know any better. Many, well most of the teenagers are all still immature. Many think that being 18,17,16,15 they think they are grown when they really are not.Most all the teenagers don’t know fully what’s right from wrong. There mind is not fully developed and when something goes wrong the kids that think that there grown, go straight to their parents for help. That’s why they have grown parents to help them in life. That’s why all the judges that prosecuted the teens as child pornographers can’t forget that they were too once teenagers. The people that make up the criminal justice system can’t forget that they once too did stupid things when they were little.At least once they of had to receive on photo of their girlfriend or boyfriend nude. Many of the times the kids do it for fun. They think its being sexy. The kids these days are no t the same as the kids from a long time ago. We have so much technology now, that it help us communicate better with people and not be able to do those things. Dahlia, in her article states â€Å"We seem to forget that kids can be as tech-savvy as Bill Gates but as gullible as Bambi. † (Lithwick 493). She is right, teenagers now a days are tech smart. They know how to handle a phone better than our parents.What teenagers don’t realize when taking bad images is that there putting themselves in a bad situations. There can be digital dating violence. They can use those images and put them on profiles like face book. Recently there was a page on face book of girls that are nude. The girls that were put out there were very upset and they wanted the site shut down. They were mad at the creator who made the site but it not his fault it’s the girls who took the images and gave it out. The site was out for a while and a lot of people got to see it.Right after pretty much the whole world saw it they finally took it down. Now the girls that were seen on the image are now marked for life or for a long time. People that know her will remember that she was in a bad photo. That’s when the teens realize that they did wrong but many still don’t learns there lesson. They are still going to be doing it because of relationship pressure. Most girls are the ones that are getting taken advantage off. The criminal justice system should change the way they label children as child pornographers.They are just making things worse. They need to find a way a better way to help solve the problem. Labeling children with these names are not going to help it stop. They need to show proof that its actually killing and hurting people emotionally. There have been many accounts of teens being depressed because of a bad photo. The system needs to stand up and help out the ones who are victims of these situations. They need to label the right people with these labe ls because teens are not dangerous. The older people can be charged as hild pornographers because they are grown and they know of what they are doing. Those are the only ones they should be charged. Over all, Dahlia Lithwick has a point, teens all over are being charged with child pornography for sending and receiving nude photos of their girlfriends. The police said that by sending nude photos girls can put them selves at risk and that has serious consequences so they put a severe consequence on them. They shouldn’t label them at a young age just for a nude photo, there teens, they can be immature.

Behaviourist Theory for Atypical Behaviour

Behaviourist Theory (10 marks) First of all, behaviourists are psychologists that believe that behaviours are learnt instead of them being natural. Behaviourist theory believes that people learn to be phobic rather than are born phobic. Reason being, many people link their fear of an object or situation to something bad they have experienced. For instance, if someone is scared of needles, it may have been because they had a bad experience with it as a child, thus causing a phobia. This I known as classical conditioning – learning by association; learn to associate a certain response with a certain stimulus.However, even behaviourists do take into account that some behaviour are not learnt, but are instinctive instead. This is called unconditioned response. This contains of instinctive responses such as sexual arousal and anxiety. Unconditioned responses are triggered by unconditioned stimulus. They can be objects or events that naturally cause the reaction such as stimulating genitals might cause arousal or a threat may cause us to be anxious. Yet, sometimes these responses happen in the presence of a neutral stimulus. Neutral stimuli don’t cause a reaction.However we assume it does when we experience something good or bad. For example if a person ate chips and got sick -vomited, they may assume chips cause a bad reaction every single time. This is known as classical conditioning. Therefore each of the neutral stimuli is then described as a conditioned stimulus because they trigger a learnt response. A reaction to a conditioned stimulus is called a conditioned response. Also operant conditioning is a term used by the behaviourist to describe learning by consequences. If the consequences of an action are worthwhile we learn to do them again.Yet if the consequences are not good, we are likely not to do it again. Atypical behaviours are learnt in the same manner as typical behaviours. Atypical behaviours are just more uncommon cases of classical cond itioning. One of the criticisms of this theory is that it ignores the mind and the thinking behind it. For example if we two people got robbed at night, one is likely to think of it as one time incident and forget about it- rational. Whereas the other will think it will happen many times again – irrational. Thus causes to develop a phobia of dark. Different people have different outlook to the event.

Successfully Navigating the Turbulent Skies of a Large-Scale Erp

Bombardier is the world’s only manufacturer of both planes and trains, it is present in more then 60 countries and is headquartered in Montreal, Canada. Both Bombardier Aerospace & Bombardier transportation employ over 70 000 and posted a revenue of over 18. 3 billion in the fiscal year ended December 31,2011. The case presents the implementation of an ERP system in Bombardier, along with all the major changes the corporation undertook for a successful transition. In the analysis I will address the challenges faced by Bombardier, the challenges associated with the integration of the large system & its benefits.I will also address how the project team managed and communicated it’s vision amongst the firm and how the new roles were defined, communicated & understood. The analysis will focus up to and including the implementation of the system. As the company grew over the years, Bombardier’s strategy of growth by acquisition turned the firm into a â€Å"textbook s ilo organization†. This created problems as systems did not communicate with each other effectively. This inefficiency generated additional costs because the firm had to maintain all the different systems.Another problem, related to the operation of the aerospace division, was the low visibility of inventory and lack of integration between the old computer systems. This caused process delays, low inventory turns & price inconsistency from suppliers. The Bombardier Manufacturing System (BMS) , the group of information technology applications that had been supporting Bombardier Aerospace’s manufacturing activities, had not evolved to cope with the fast changes. The BMS capabilities had become limited. We can assume that Bombardier was not a fully integrated company at that time because there was a clear lack of coordination and unity.An example would be how employees would create numerous stand-alone databases throughout the company on operations specific to their functio n without realizing the negative effect it causes to the rest of the organization such as data errors or omissions. But Bombardier Aerospace was working on becoming an integrated Company, as the Vice-President of Operations and Project Sponsor was aware of the challenges and created a Vision: â€Å"One Company†: To align the operations of its acquired companies by implementing common roles and responsibilities.To meet this enormous challenge, a Enterprise Resource planning (ERP) system was first implemented at Bombardier Aerospace. The first attempt in 2000 was a costly failure. The implementation of this technology without the corresponding organizational changes was the main reason of its failure. The factors that contributed to its breakdown are identified as : Focusing the implementation on inappropriate business processes, an outdated company vision, a weak sponsorship model, insufficient involvement of internal employees and having too many third-party consultants emplo yed on the project.In October 2001, Bombardier Manufacturing Information System (BMIS) was created by the Senior Project Manager to establish a new integrated manufacturing system. BMIS was the first project launched with a vision of an integrated organization. Once completed it would support 9,500 users over seven sites and the main benefit of the system’s integration is the cost savings of over $1. 171 billion and a one time reduction in material inventory of $219 million. To Create & implement such a system, a blue print of the operation was created.An integration team was formed; There role was to identify integration points where a process crossed functional boundaries, and independently resolve integration points that could potentially cause disagreement. The functional council took high –level decisions regarding the design of the projects. The BMIS team requested that the plants provide them with experienced employees for the design phase. Some problems that th e BMIS project manager was concerned about is that there was a lack of strong business employees, although empowered to make decisions and complete the design had to constantly go back to the business in order to validate.Another problem was the documentation that was requested by the BMIS team were not provided. As a result, the Design phase ran over schedule by several months. Bombardier Aerospace decided to go with a progressive implementation of the system. BMIS would be implemented one plant at a time starting with there newest facility, the Mirabel Plant. The Critical success factor for the project was the â€Å" Vanilla† approach to system design: It was important that the first roll-out or implementation of the system at the Mirabel plant to be a controlled one.Bombardier limited the scope of the first roll-out one section at a time and trained the rest of the shop accordingly. This approach would siege the system to one part of the plant and identify lessons for subs equent roll-outs. The Restructuring of the procurement function plays an important role in realizing the vision of the BMIS. As was stated earlier, one of the problems the firm faced was the low visibility of inventory. By improving the visibility, you can reduce inventory levels that would improve liquidity and reduce cycle time.It was decided mid-project to restructure the procurement function, it was undertaken in parallel with the implementation of the BMIS and was called the Material Resource Planning Technology. The main idea for procurement was to minimize the total acquisition cost and overall procurement costs by concentrating on a centralized and strategic sourcing of inventory. This big change would require the training of new employees and have them ready to use the new system.Data Management was also a parallel project, it can be divided in 2 activities: 1. Data Cleansing: identified as a major risk of the project. 2. Data Preparation: Extraction, mapping, staging and c onsolidation of data. Before going live it was important to prepare the users in utilizing the new system. Due to the pressure of staying on schedule, training were delivered to users in a short period of time which wasn’t effective because transmitting such a large amount of information in a sort period resulted in a negative effect.

Expressions of the self through the body Essay

Within the framework of the 21st Century, western society is increasingly exposed to images and ideologies of the embodiment of ‘success’ and ‘happiness’. The media is rife with these conceptualisations and affects us all on varying levels of influence and intensity. The very basis of the study of the social sciences (that various spheres of the expression of societal values are interconnected and incomplete apart) is the foundation for the claim that ideologies associated with the modern capitalist value system strongly and wholly affect the understanding and expression of our identity through the management and aesthetics of our bodies. To understand the origin of this claim, and to further explain the phenomenon it identifies, several steps need to be taken. Firstly, the values of the modern capitalist framework have to be identified and adequately compared to the contemporary understanding of the body and of sexuality. Secondly, expressions of the body and sexuality will be explored, to adequately assess the influence these values have through visual media. Finally response to these values and images will be considered, in order to critically analyse the true degree of agency that has been successfully exercised within this complex association of cause and effect. As established throughout the second section of this course, the complex and influential structure of capitalism lies in the celebration of the individual, and not of the society. (Loy 1997). Characteristics inherent in capitalism are the importance of the individual; the necessity for competition among these individuals to justify the importance of the individual; and the desire to embody wealth, success and happiness through financial means. Also pivotal to the success of capitalism is the illusion of freedom of choice and agency within society for the individual to construct a unique identity (Loy 1997, Cox 1999). What is perhaps most important in terms of the relationship between capitalism and the expression of identity and sexuality through the body is the concept of commodity aesthetics, the beautification of any object to increase it’s desirability to the consumer. (Sarup, 1997) The relationship between these values and the understanding and expression of our bodies can be explained in terms of the research done by Rohlinger (2002), whereby a complex study into the representations of men in advertisements was conducted to assess the ‘objectification’ of men that he identified as prominent. While the implications of this study are more in-depth than the conclusions discussed here, the results belie, in part, the beautification of men in the media to create desire for not only the image, but also the product associated with the image. The biggest category of depiction of men he identified was the so-called ‘erotic male’, whereby a male, of often indeterminable sexual preference, was portrayed sexually, thereby appealing to both straight and gay men, thus following the dual advertising method (Rohlinger, 2002). It would thus appear as if men have been ‘beautified’ in order to increase desire for the product associated with the model. While it may seem to be a leap in logic to equate the ‘erotic’ male with the ‘beautified’ male, the reasoning behind this premise lies in the conceptualisation of beauty in modern society. While it can be argued that advertising affects these values, and that the values in turn affects the advertising, I would suggest that the attractiveness of a male or female lies wholly in terms of sexual appeal, and thus by an erotic portrayal, the beautification process – however atypical – occurs. If the example of Rohlinger’s research is further employed and employed as it was intended, it becomes clear that through advertising techniques, the capitalist framework has blatantly influenced media portrayals of the body and sexuality, and thus has direct influence on our own expression of sexuality and identity through our bodies. Within the work of Susan Benson (1997), the degree of identity expression through the body is discussed. The capitalist influence has (seemingly) autonomously decided what bodily images determine varying aspects of an identity. (Benson, 1997) In order to appear healthy and in control, a well-toned and slim body is essential. Bodies that do not conform to these characteristics thus display an out of control and unhealthy person, negatively reflecting on his or her identity. In terms of the influence of structure and agency and the way in which symbols are given value to construct an identity (Jenkins, 1996), the outward display of an identity and any agency in play, is manifested in the aesthetics of the body through the use of symbols that appeal to the senses of those who would validate the identity. These symbols can be clothing, fragrances, language and body language. It is for this reason that the media – ironically, a manifested construct of the very society it attempts to influence and control within a capitalist framework – seeks to associate a type of identity with various commodities to be marketed, increasing not only the desirability of the product, but of the identity as well. If the claim that gender and sexuality have long been two of the few certainties in one’s identity (Segal 1997), then evidence to suggest increasing blurring of the line of distinction between what expresses the embodiment of being a man or a woman, would indicate a critical turning point in social history, emphasising a shift towards the androgynous and sexual ambiguity. Rohlinger’s research further identified the depiction of men in advertisements as having an ‘unknown’ sexual orientation (2002) thus fulfilling appeal to both a heterosexual and homosexual male community, yet in very different ways. This type of depiction allows for the viewer of the advertisement to identify with a particular interpretation of the male model – further developing the idea that the agency it appears we are exercising is indeed limited within the structures we find ourselves in. This eroticising effect on the male image – and similarly on the female image – in the media is thus adopted by those who find the identity and image desirable (which returns us to the circle of desirability between the product and the identity associated with the product) and is then outwardly displayed through the appearance of the body. This adoption of a particular identity extends to the sexuality that may or may not be displayed within the advertisement as well, causing the blurring of distinction between male and female sexuality. The portrayals of men and women have become increasingly similar in society (Benson 1997) and thus too have the expressions of masculinity and femininity, weakening previous concepts of gender roles (Hearn 1999). The by-products of these influential depictions of men’s and women’s identities in contemporary society range from liberal movements gaining acceptability within a sexual context, to the increase in eating disorders, body building, and the supplement industry in an attempt to achieve a ‘healthy’ body, thereby conforming to the acceptable and desirable identity of contemporary society. The increase in support for the gay and lesbian right’s movements, as well as the continued evolution of the feminist movement, are all examples of responses to the effects of capitalism on society through the media. As in the previous section, the manifestations of various identities increasingly depict an androgynous sexuality, appealing to hetero- and homosexual members of society. (In part due to the increasing wealth of the homosexual consumer) With this subconscious validation of homosexuality in the media, it appears it has become increasingly socially acceptable to either be homosexual, or support the movement and to adopt its value system. (Rohlinger 2002; Hearn 1999; Benson 1997) This type of liberal movement, while an apparent display of agency in the determination of an identity, appears to be yet another type of conformity to the current desirable identity. Thus the response – albeit in later years – is not one based in agency, but in passive acceptance of a contemporary trend. Similar criticism can be levelled at the development of the feminist movement in current culture. While the view of Rohlinger (2002) may be considered somewhat sensationalist and one-sided, her idea that even feminism and women’s liberation has been commodified and a purchasable identity to the movement ascribed, is one that contains some validity. So far reaching is the grasp of capitalism, that it is able to commodify that which inadvertently opposes the values of capitalism, by advocating freedom of expression and a resistance to the values of the patriarchal society in existence today (Bhasin, 1993). An example of this trend would be a television advertiseme nt for a popular drink with the tag ‘Girls Night. No Boys Allowed’. This blatant commodification of the independent and liberal woman as an identity, critically wounds the credibility of the movement it seeks to ascribe itself to. The increased phenomenon of female and male eating disorders prevalent among teenagers (certainly the most influential target group in modern society) further illustrates the growing trend in conformity to the desirable body image in at attempt to embody a certain identity. At the other end of the scale (so far removed, it has perhaps come full circle) is the bodybuilding trend: whereby men and women seek to become the pinnacle of strength, power and fitness. This trend identifies not only the blur in distinction between masculinity and femininity (â€Å"active/passive† – Segal, 1997) as women attempt to embody a previously masculine identity, but also seeks to display, perhaps, a resistance (Castells, 1997) to the threat of androgyny and supposed equality of men and women in society, as men attempt to over-emphasise their physical – ergo societal – strength and dominance. In perhaps the most obvious sign of a symbiotic relationship within these two forces, the dietary and health supplement industry is booming, as it convinces millions each year that the healthy body – therefore identity – is contained within a capsule or a milkshake. In this brief and general exploration into the relationship between the capitalist society and the expression of identity through the body image, it appears clear that the values of capitalism have directly affected the expression of identity and sexuality in modern society. So influential is the media that social actors feel compelled to conform and duplicate these images in order to maintain a sense of acceptance within society. It is also evident that very little real resistance has developed to this trend, and that even those who do not physically manifest their response to this trend, appear to have adopted the ideology in more subtle ways – tellingly, purchasing products associated with the identity they subconsciously want to adopt. Thus the construction of our identity and sexuality is clearly outwardly displayed through the expression of our body, and the media of capitalism is singularly successful by directing it’s influence on our continuing desire to expres s our identity through outward appearances and symbols.

Academia and Briefly Summarize

What challenges do you expect to arise from living and working in a complex urban environment? How will you meet them? (250 words) 9. Is there anything else you would like us to know? (300 words) DARTMOUTH 1. Please indicate your plans for the 2012-13 academic year. If in school, please list your courses. If working, let us know something about the nature of your job. 2. Please share with us something about yourself that is not addressed elsewhere in your application and which could be helpful to the Admissions Committee as we review your file. HARVARD D.If you have already graduated, briefly (4000 characters Max) summarize your activities since graduation. E. If there is an important aspect of your personal background or identity, not addressed elsewhere in the application, that you would like to share with the Committee, we invite you to do so here. Many applicants will not need to answer this question. Examples might include significant challenges in access to education, unusual socioeconomic factors, identification with a minority culture, religion, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation or gender identity. Briefly explain how such factors have influenced your motivation for a career in medicine-(4000 character maximum) DUKE Describe the community in which you were nurtured or spent the majority of your early development with respect to its demographics. What core values did you receive and how will these translate into the contributions that you hope to make to your community as a medical student and to your career In medicine? What is the most significant moral or ethical dilemma that you have faced in our life (excluding instances of academic dishonesty involving another person)?Describe how you dealt with and potentially resolved it, including beliefs, resources, individuals, etc. How did this dilemma and its resolution change your life and what, if any, impact will this have on your future as a health care provider? What has been your most humbling experience and how will that experience affect your interactions with your peers and patients? The curriculum at the duke university sc hool of medicine is unique and academically challenging.

How to Improve Nonverbal Communication Assignment - 14

How to Improve Nonverbal Communication - Assignment Example Physical Appearance: This is how other people see us and how we perceive them and is an important part of the nonverbal dialogue. How we look is what others see on first meeting and this creates perceptions about us in the other person’s mind. At the same time, we apply this to others and receive important nonverbal information, based on our perceptions. For example, if I meet someone who appears to have taken the trouble to be tidy and clean, I think they will behave in ways that match the appearance, such as a friendly and natural manner, well-spoken and polite, smiling and responsive. I am more likely to respond to them in a positive way, mirroring their behaviors. The people I relate to best in social and work situations are those who try to present a pleasing appearance because, in my experience, this goes together with behaviors that help communication, as mentioned above. I have seen how such a person reacts to praise or criticism quietly and thoughtfully, and this also increases my positive perceptions of them. On the other hand, I have met people who are dirty and untidy in appearance, who do not return a smile or greeting, and my perceptions of them are negative, causing me difficulty in establishing communication and rapport. Kinesics: (external displays of human feelings and emotions). These are expressed through such actions as a look, mimicry, gestures to emphasize meanings, poses, and visual communication (sight and movement of eyes). These nonverbal components provide a great deal of information when interactions take place. This is most helpful in cases where people are speaking in different languages, something I have experienced, as I am Russian. Gestures thus become the unique means of dialogue and carry out vital communicative functions.

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND DRUGS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND DRUGS - Research Paper Example Research statement Is there an association between drugs and juvenile delinquency? Introduction Criminal behavior and delinquency among young people as they transit from childhood to adulthood is rising and is currently a public challenge in most countries in the world. Experts opine that such a problem has soared because of collapsing social relations that lay a basic foundation for smooth transition. Factors contributing to this challenge are extended maturity gap, restructuring of the labor market and limited opportunities for turning into an independent adult. Other factors include rapid growth of population, unavailability of support and housing services, unemployment, overcrowding, family disintegration, poverty, ineffective educational systems, child abuse, decline in local authorities and underemployment (World Youth Report, 2003). Due to these and several other factors, more and more young people are getting involved in illegal activities, criminal offenses and drug abuse. J uvenile delinquency and drug abuse are strongly interlinked. ... Methodology In order to retrieve useful articles for research in this topic, the electronic database used was â€Å"Google Scholar†. The words â€Å"juvenile delinquency† and â€Å"drugs† were typed in the search brackets. For more wider search, â€Å"criminal behavior† and â€Å"drugs† also were typed in another search. Several articles were displayed in the search result. After going through the abstracts, 3 articles were selected for the purpose of research review. Based on these, the following review was prepared. The articles retrieved are provided under the reference section. Literature review Substance abuse in young people can lead to several problems like anti-social attitudes, juvenile delinquency and health problems. The problems not only affect the young individual, but also the community, family and the society of the individual (World Youth Report, 2003). There is enough evidence to suggest that earlier the drug use is initiated, more likely is the individual to develop drug related problems in life. According to the Monitoring Future Study of 2008, "19.6% of eighth graders, 34.1% of tenth graders, and 47.4% of twelfth graders use any illicit drug within their lifetimes." Thus, the soaring rise of drug abuse among youngsters has contributed to increased anti-social attitudes, criminal behavior and delinquency in this population. According to the Uniform Crime Reporting Program of FBI, in 2007, 109,444 individuals under 18 years of age were arrested by various law enforcement agencies. In the year 2004, 1.9 percent of drug arrests made were under 19 years of age. According to the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring

Post-conviction remedies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Post-conviction remedies - Essay Example common post conviction appeals include: appeal to State appellate Court which contends that trial judge made some legal error, State Supreme Court appeal that requests that highest court in the state review and overturn the decision of the mid-level appeals court, U.S. Supreme Court appeal that makes a request to the highest court in the nation to intervene and correct an error on the part of the state courts that violated the U.S. Constitution, appeal of Federal Habeas Corpus Petition to Circuit Court which requests the mid-level federal court to review the federal trial courts decision denying the writ and lastly, appeal of Federal Habeas Corpus Petition to U.S. Supreme Court which requests the premier court in the land to examine the mid-level federal courts verdict denying the writ. On the other hand, Post conviction remedies include a variety of liberation sought by a convicted criminal to have his or her sentence vacated, set aside, or corrected because such a sentence was base d upon some defiance of the U.S. Constitution. Among the most common post-conviction remedies available are the writ of Habeas Corpus and the writ of Coram Nobis. However, Writ of Habeas Corpus is the mostly used. It involves issuing of a court order that orders a person or a government official who has prevented another to produce the prisoner at a designated time and place so that the court can determine the authenticity of charge and decide whether to demand the prisoners discharge. Development of writ of habeas corpus can be traced back in 1215 whereby the habeas corpus concept was first expressed in the Magna Charta at Runnymede on June 15, 1215. Among the liberties affirmed in the Magna Charta was that "No free man shall be detained, or jailed, or diseased, or forbidden, or exiled, or wounded in any way (Neubauer, 2004). The writ of habeas corpus was initially used by the common-law courts in thirteenth and fourteenth century in England. From the late fifteenth to the

Application essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Application - Essay Example Secondly, during the beginning of the last semester, I joined the Emory Volunteer Program. I have learnt a lot through the activities of the program. In addition, we had an opportunity to visit Furkid, an animal shelter that takes care of cats. The event was successful; we touched the lives of a number of animals. Another opportunity arose to visit Atlanta PAWS, a shelter for homeless dogs. We fed and cleaned the dogs while presenting a number of items for them. The management of the center was very pleased with our kindness while applauding the Emory fraternity for the kind-hearted deed. Thirdly, I am a member of the Sunday school of Tzu Ching Emory. This is an internationally recognized humanitarian non-governmental organization; it is the largest of its kind in the Chinese-speaking world. In addition, the NGO has a special consultative status in the UN economic and social council. We meet every Sunday to plan for the activities of the NGO as well as learning about its mandate. The motivation to join the NGO emanated from my strong passion for charity work. Fourthly, The Sight for Unit club attracted my attention while I was still fresh at Emory. This club has offered me a spectacular opportunity to be of help to others. The club’s mandate is to mobilize resources in aid of people that have lost sight and in need of help. Through the club, we have engaged in various money generating activities including selling of bubble tea and frozen yoghurt to the student community. This activity generated some substantial amount of money that we gave to Sight for Unit organization. Finally, this semester I founded the Emory Tea Ceremony club, a dream that came to me late last semester. The essence of having the club was to spread the Asian tea culture to the students at Emory. I am optimistic that the club will facilitate further celebration of cultural diversity at

Analitical skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analitical skills - Essay Example 44). The democratic space that also originates from the gains from the separation of powers has escalated the attainment of liberty in many governments. The doctrine gained original in the United States  as it was a provision in the constitution. In the UK, the adoption of the canon occurred much later with the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (Benwell and Gay, 2011; Pg. 87). However, there were reform forces within the country that had started clamoring for the need to separate authority of each arm of the government (Benwell and Gay, 2011; Pg. 14). From the ongoing discussions, the paper suggests that whereas the separation of powers canon requires states to delineate clear boundaries in authority and sovereignty within the three branches of governance, some nations are still working with less formal forms and are argued to adopt the balance of powers or a fusion of the two arrangements (Calers, 2012; Pg. 51). The most notable of such countries are the UK and other states with a mo narchy system of governance. In fact, some developing nations appear trapped with the hope of attaining the freedom provided by the separation of powers seemingly becoming a myriad. This is because such countries have very superior executive, which easily usurp powers of the other state organs (Calers, 2012; Pg. 51). ... Analysis of the Separation of Powers: Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary The debate about the separation of powers has transformed over decades to the point at which people can clearly draw the boundaries between the executive, the legislature, and the courts. However, in other jurisdictions this clarity is still missing because the roles in these three arms seem to overlap (Calers, 2012; Pg. 88). Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 came into force, the UK Prime Minister wielded too much power that it was possible for them to influence all other arms of the government. The United States Constitution has a strong foundation for the doctrine of the separation of powers. Article 1 of the US Constitution contains powers granted to the legislature. Article II contains the powers of the executive, which rests upon the president and Article III provides for the establishment of a highly independent judiciary (Benwell and Gay, 2011; Pg. 76). The election of the Congressmen takes pla ce differently from that of the President. The Congressmen are in charge of legislation in the US. However, sometimes the executive can sponsor bills and lobby the Congress to debate and pass them as laws. A clearer example of this circumstance includes the healthcare bill also known as the Obamacare, which was sponsored by President Obama operatives in the Congress. President Obama used strategies available to him to lobby and rally the democratic Congressmen as well as a few Republicans to vote for the bill. The idea behind such initiatives was to push the state to accept the creation of separation of powers. This canon entails ideas that key institutions within a democratic state need to be functionally sovereign such that nobody should have access and unguarded power to span

Creating a Plan for Positive Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creating a Plan for Positive Influence - Essay Example In any organization, human capital is an essential asset in achieving set objectives. Therefore, as a team leader, understanding that each team member is unique is a step in the right direction. A team, therefore, presents a host of knowledge, personality, and competencies, which when tapped can yield great results. If the project is to be successful, we must have a plan that incorporates each team member’s attitude, values, emotions, and personalities. Team Performance and Effectiveness Achieving the best performance from a team requires â€Å"paying attention to four important dimensions: team member effort, team member knowledge and skills, team tactics, and group dynamics† (Browning, 2007). Hancock also claims that teamwork is the first step towards team success (1999). Therefore, determining the ability of the formed team to realize its mandate requires consideration of values, attitudes, personality, and emotions of each member. Values Values significantly shape w ork attitude. According to Maxwell, â€Å"Values define a team and give it a unique identity† (2009). He further states, â€Å"†¦a team’s values attract people with like values to the team† (p. 15). The desire to achieve professional goals is often affected by values. Therefore, realizing team success demands redirecting personal values towards set goals. Personality Personality defines an individual's characteristics. Since individuals  strive  to find a  niche  suitable for their personality, team members should be scanned for compatibility (Nettle, 2007). Research has proven that individuals with proactive  personality  have excellent chances of success. Such individuals are motivated and enthusiastic. Attitudes and Emotions In 2001, Elwood & Chapman stated that team success depends more on  attitude  than technical achievement. Thus, a team leader who knows how to build a positive attitude among team members can achieve high  productiv ity. On the other hand, emotions, which are human reaction to stimulus, can greatly affect team performance if not checked. Easily angered persons can bring down the entire team with them. As a team leader, communicating the mission of the team to members is crucial. This will reduce chances of diversion and instill values necessary for success. Employees are organizations’ ambassadors. Therefore, their behaviors play a significant role in organization’s success. As such, any new idea, incorporated into the team, must be done after consultation. This will ensure that the new ideas do not conflict with team member’s personal life, resulting in dedication and willingness to abide. Team Differences The team is made of people with different personalities. However, these differences will not affect the effectiveness of the team in any way. Instead, they will act as the foundation on which the team’s strength lies, knowing that member’s reactions and per ceptions to situations are different. An assessment of the various aspects of the team revealed exciting news, a further indication that we are destined for success. First, the assessment revealed that the team is comprised of individuals with professional work attitude, which means they are aware of the boundary between private life and work. Secondly, it revealed satisfaction of most members with their jobs, which means they put all their effort in team success. Satisfaction, Performance

Social Work Compentcies PowerPoint Presentation

Social Work Compentcies - PowerPoint Presentation Example Therefore rather than pathologise her connections in the lives of her family members, I choose to treat this as culturally normal and help her figure out ways to establish some boundaries. This shows what I do in my work with clients that I think is represented in the image that I have included here in my portfolio. This video represents an ethical dilemma. During my practicum experience I am often faced with an ethical dilemma. I watched this video and they suggested several strategies that I have implemented in my agency when I face an ethical dilemma. I used the steps recommended in the video to address several ethical dilemmas. I became aware that a client has selling his food stamps. This is a violation of the agency policy. The client sold these food stamps to get money to buy cough syrup for her daughter who had a severe cough. I realized that although this seemed like a legitimate need for money, the food stamp policy is clear, that food stamps are not to be sold. I followed the steps in this video to think about what should be my action steps. Literacy is an important aspect in the community. It would be beneficial to identify the literacy needs in that community. The needs are assessed and evaluated to know which would be the best method to be used to educate the community. The above image inspired me to involve all the participants during the meetings we held. The above image shows that the world is the way it is because of the presence of diversity. In my practicum experience, I noticed that there were different patients who had different need and thus needed to be treated differently. Recognition of cultural diversity entails respecting the differences of people in the society. Each person’s beliefs and lifestyles are respected while having an understanding and support of the differences. Embracing culture in the society is important in enhancing cultural structure in the society. I was able to

Adam an American man Essay Example for Free

Adam an American man Essay Our piece did not have a title. The assessment was called Adam monologue, and we didnt change the name of our piece of work. It has been called Adam monologue, because we have Adam in the cell in the point where hes about to get crazy. We decided to have two Adams as we thought that it would have been more effective to watch.  AIM OF THE PIECE: The aim of these piece was to show the theme of survival. In fact, our work only included one scene, but we have shown the inner side of a human being kept in captivity for such a long time. In this case we talk about Adam an American man. Adam is a gentle person, kind, and very proud to be American. He is also the peacemaker, who calms and sustains the other two characters in the play, Edward and Michael, but who is also troubled by terrible dreams and fears. He has known the worst of captivity, because he has been alone in the cell. In the scene we see him troubled by the fear of death. Hes becoming very pessimistic about his future, hes now realizing that the Arabs want to kill him. A reason of that is because Adam is American, and they are seen as war prices if captured. In the seen we can see that hes very troubled and becoming mad. We represent his inner mind by adding in the scene another Adam, who is suppose to show how he was before becoming mad. I think that the two Adam are really different, obviously, as they show the two different part of a man such as Adam  . In fact the second Adam, who is suppose to be the normal one, comes into the scene and starts exercising, as Adam would do. But the response that we get from the troubled Adam is different. He first wants to know who is the person who has entered the room and he wants to know how. He then ask what hes doing. Here we have a really strong eye contact by the two Adam. The troubled one seems scared by the other one. We have the impressions that the normal Adam, has got the power over the other Adam. In fact when Adam is trying to reassure the troubled Adam, by touching him on the shoulder, the reaction of the troubled Adam is that he tries to get away from Adam and he starts getting really frustrated about what he tells him. In fact when the normal Adam starts to read out the Koran, the troubled Adam is really frustrated because he doesnt want to listen, and he start screaming that hes going to die. This is how the scene finish it. PRESENTATION: The piece was well presented, and I think that everyone in the audience has understood what had happen in the scene. We planned the scene very carefully. Since that we where not aloud to use the stage because we were filmed somewhere else, we had to use another space. We had decide to have the troubled Adam sitting down lining against the wall, with the hands on his face, and with his legs bend. By this already we can easily understand that hes frustrated by something. When he then starts speaking we also know what the reason is and we have shown quite carefully how a person would feel after being so long in a cell being chained. He speaks with a very angry and frustrated voice, this is because he knows that he is going to be killed. When he finishes speaking he dives his head into his hands. Then the normal Adam enters the scene, and he starts exercising, by doing sit-ups, this was suppose to keep him fit, so that he could have competitions with the other two in the cell. As the troubled Adam put his head up and sees the other Adam he asks who he was, and how he got in the cell. When he receives the answer that the new character was actually him, he starts getting mad. We then wanted to show that the normal Adam was in control of the situation. To show that we had the two Adams on two different levels. The troubled Adam was sitting on the floor while the normal Adam was standing up. We also had the two Adams talking with different speed in the voice. In fact the normal Adam was really calm and reassuring, while the troubled Adam talked really fast, and he was really frustrated. This was once again to show who was controlling the situation. STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES: As any piece of drama, our piece had strengths as well as weaknesses. One of our strength was that we show this piece in a very original way, and I think that the audience really enjoyed looking at it. Another strength is that my partner and I really worked well together, and we didnt have many problems coming out with ideas. I think that our last strength was that we wrote down a script which helped us remember what we had done, so that we wouldnt forget. The piece had some weaknesses as well. First thing I think that, our piece could have been longer so that could have been more effective. Another weakness is that we couldnt use the stage and the piece could have been better if acted on stage. As the stage offers more space.  By looking back at the piece I think that my partner and I have done a good job into getting into Adam mind to try and feel as he would. PROBLEMS I HAVE EXPERIENCED: I think that my biggest problem is the language but I can easily co-operate with it. Another problem that I have experienced is that the character that I have played is not as I am. In fact in the play I had to be really calm and mature, trying to reassure someone else. In life I am a total different person. In fact I wouldnt be walking with my back straight and talking very slowly, trying to keep a very neutral facial expression trying to show no emotion, as I was suppose to be the inner side of Adam. I think that at the end I have done a good job into acting the inner side of Adam.

Marketing Strategy Of Virgin Atlantic Airways Tourism Essay

Marketing Strategy Of Virgin Atlantic Airways Tourism Essay It has won business and customer awards from around the world. Virgin Atlantic stands at the second largest international airline to come under the British Long Haul category. Virgin Atlantic holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating License, which permits it to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. It is based out of Crawley, England. Virgin Atlantic operates a fleet of 38 aircrafts: 13 Boeing 747s and 25 Airbus A340, with a pending 6 orders of Airbus A380, and 23 orders of Boeing 787 to be delivered in 2013 and 2011 respectively. Over 9000 people are employed by the company. Virgin Atlantic has been known for its dfferent slogans, as shown. in the past: Mines bugger than yours, 4 Engines 4 Long haul, Avoid the Q, Keep Discovering Until You Find The Best, No way BA/AA. Virgin Atlantic not only provides the product and service, but adds its own style, and personality to it, which most corporations lack. Geographical market The airline industry is classified into four categories by the Department of Transportation (DOT): International Plans require 130 or more seats, and usually travel without many limitations destination-wise, and have an annual revenue of one billion or more American Dollars. National Airlines with capacities of about 100 150 people, with an annual revenue between $100 million and $1 billion; Regional Largely only used for short haul flights, these usually constitute of a total revenue less that $100 million; Cargo Airlines that primarily deal with transportation of goods, rather than passengers. PEST Analysis Political Factors State owned airlines are particularly affected by these factors. Parts of their business has to be done with consideration regarding routes, free seating for ministers, etc. Private airlines do this as/when it is convenient, and would not go out on a limb. Archaic laws apply on State owned airlines regarding labour regulations, retirement age, etc. which decreases management options due to the strength of the Union, and the controlling of the government. This affects the quality of the service delivery therefore these airlines have to think of innovative service marketing ideas which overcome their problems, while keeping them in the running against private airlines. Economic Factors Business cycles control a large part of the industry. At peaking phases people indulge themselves in travel and fares can be increased. However at economic recession, air travel is considered a luxury, and use of it is often decreased considerably, which leads to minimising business for the airlines, and lower rates. The terrorist attacks known by their date, September 11, led to a global recession, with the depression of the consumers. The loss of income for airlines led to higher operational costs due to lower demand and higher insurance costs, which increased after the terrorist attacks. This left the industry with little choice but to lay off employees, which increases unemployment, decreases consumer spending, thus decreasing their sales. Even the SARS outbreak in the Far East was a major cause for slump in the airline industry. Social Factors The changing travel habits of people have very wide implications for the airline industry. In UK, there are varied income groups, with varied ethnicities. The airlines have to recognize these individuals and should serve them accordingly. The destination, kind of food etc all has to be chosen carefully in accordance with the tastes of their major clientele, while keeping the variety in mind. Another good example would be the case of South West Airlines which occupies a solid position in the minds of the US air travelers as a reliable and convenient, fun, low fare, and no frills airline. The major element of its success was the augmented marketing mix which it used very effectively. What South West did was it made the environment inside the plane very consumer friendly. The crew neither has any uniform nor does it serve any lavish foods, which indirectly reduces the costs and makes the consumers feel comfortable. Technological Factors Internet alone has drastically changed the airline industry. Air Sahara has introduced a service through the internet, wherein the unoccupied seats are auctioned one week prior to the departure, as an example. Also, most airlines provide many internet based services to its customer such as online ticket booking, updated flight information handling of customer complaints THE COMPETITION As an independent airline, Virgin Atlantic successfully competes on all of its routes with most of the industrys major national carriers. These include British Airways, bmi british midland, American Airlines, Continental, Delta and United on transatlantic routes; BA and SAA to South Africa; BA, ANA, Cathay Pacific and JAL to the Far East; BA to Delhi. THE COMPETITORS SALES AND PROFIT TRENDS The airlines industry is very competitive, although the barriers of entry for new airlines are lower in a market with a lack of government regulation. A deregulated market occurs when a government does not dictate airfares, route networks, and other operational requirements for airlines. Deregulation has produced far greater competition and because of this, average fares tend to drop 20% or more. [4] The competition, combined with the freedom of pricing, limit a new airline from competing at its stage, but also acts as a major constraint on profitability for established carriers, which tend to have a higher cost base. TABLE 1: Top 25 Global Airlines Revenue 2006 Airline Lists 2006 Revenues (Million US) % Air France KLM 28,945.00 10.28 Lufthansa 24,903.70 8.85 AMR Corporation 22,563.00 8.02 Japan Airlines System Corporation 18,905.40 6.72 UAL Corporation 17,882.00 6.35 Delta Air Lines, Inc. 17,171.00 6.10 Continental AG 13,128.00 4.66 Northwest Airlines Corporation 12,568.00 4.47 All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. 11,765.80 4.18 US Airways Group, Inc. 11,557.00 4.11 British Airways Plc 10,654.60 3.79 Qantas Airways 10,272.20 3.65 Singapore Airlines Limited 9,119.30 3.24 Southwest Airlines Co. 9,086.00 3.23 Air Canada Inc 8,934.40 3.17 Korean Air Lines Co., Ltd. 8,328.60 2.96 SAS Group 8,236.90 2.93 Cathay Pacific Airways Limited 7,823.80 2.78 Emirates Group 7,423.20 2.64 Iberia 6,473.80 2.30 Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane S.p.A. 5,927.50 2.11 Virgin Group 3,518.10 1.25 TAM S.A. 2,515.50 0.89 Air India 2,060.80 0.73 ExpressJet Holdings, Inc. 1,679.60 0.60 Total 281,443.20 100.00 Source : Datamonitor (www.computerwire.com) MARKET SHARE: The Companys Market Share: Year Total passengers carried Total cumulative 1984 124,711 124,711 1985 245,404 370,115 1986 289,060 659,175 1987 464,196 1,123,371 1988 626,319 1,749,690 1989 619,506 2,369,196 1990 837,136 3,206,332 1991 1,044,760 4,251,092 1992 1,239,011 5,490,103 1993 1,398,834 6,888,937 1994 1,679,403 8,568,340 1995 2,029,624 10,597,964 1996 2,293,802 12,891,766 1997 2,806,538 15,698,304 1998 3,201,795 18,900,099 1999 3,622,402 22,522,501 2000 4,280,513 26,803,014 2001 4,105,115 30,908,129 2002 3,808,687 34,720,689 2003 3,850,578 38,571,267 Source: http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jsp Target Markets: Virgin Atlantic offers very individualized services to their customers, due to their belief in the importance of individuals. Virgin Atlantic has targeted upper class customers who are primarily business passengers traveling on transatlantic routes. Virgin Atlantic realized the opportunity to gain a considerable market share through effective marketing of their quality, fun, innovative, honest, and caring airline. Business travels are often those who travel several times through a year, and often tend to purchase upgraded services, which is beneficial for the airline. On the other hand, leisure travelers are less likely to purchase these premium services as they are usually price sensitive. In times of economic uncertainty or sharp decline in consumer confidence it is expected for the amount of leisure travelers to decline. The Companys Sales and Profit Trends: Y/E April 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TURNOVER  £1401m  £1272m  £1630m  £1912m  £2140m PROFIT  £15.7m  £20.9m  £20.1m  £41.6m  £46.8m SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses -Brand image -Increased traffic -Financial strength -Declining market share in key markets -Lack of scale Opportunities Threats -Expanding passenger traffic in Asia -Increase in trans-pacific cargo -Partnership with ANA -Cargo price-fixing investigation -Rising aviation fuel prices -Terrorist attacks and scares deter passengers from flying Source: Virgin Atlantic Datamonitor Strengths Strong brand image Virgin Atlantic is a part of Richard Bransons Virgin Group, which has strong brand image, and is known across most of the world. Increased passenger and cargo traffic Virgin Atlantic recorded higher passenger and cargo traffic in 2006, as compared to 2005. The number of passengers carried by the company rose by 3.7% to 4.5 million. The quantity of cargo and mail carried increased by 9.1% to 163,165 tons. Strong financial position The company has witnessed strong revenue growth in fiscal 2006. It recorded revenues of  £1,912 million in fiscal 2006, an increase of 17.3% from 2005. The operating profit of the company was  £41.6 million during fiscal year 2006 as compared to  £20.1 million in 2005. Moreover, the operating margin of the company also increased from 1.2% in 2005 to 2.2% in 2006. Privately Owned Virgin Atlantic is privately owned; therefore, decisions can made quickly. Weaknesses Declining market share in key markets Despite strong brand image and improved financial performance, Virgin Atlantics market share has declined in most of its markets in 2006. Its market share in New York, East Coast, Caribbean, India and China has declined from 25%, 21%, 59%, 23% and 22% in 2005 to 24%, 17%, 57%, 18% and 8%, respectively, in 2006. Lack of scale The company operates 27 destinations whereas, its top competitors British Airways and Thai Airways International operates 148 and 600 destinations worldwide. Opportunities Expanding passenger traffic in Asia Pacific Driven by increased economic activity in emerging Asian countries such as China and India, demand for air travel to the Asia Pacific is rising. Virgin Atlantic already has significant presence in this region and is well positioned to benefit from increasing air travel to Asia. Increase in trans-pacific cargo The outlook for trans-pacific cargo market is positive. During 2006-2009, the market is expected to increase by an average of 7%, an increase from a 4.3% average annual growth recorded during 1999-2004. Because Virgin Atlantic operates Virgin Cargo, a worldwide air cargo business, this will allow opportunity for the company to further strengthen its market position in cargo. Partnership with ANA In September 2006, Virgin Atlantic announced that it has teamed up with one of the worlds ten largest airlines, All Nippon Airways (ANA), which allows Virgin Atlantic passengers to fly to Japan on ANAs domestic services. This new arrangement with ANA would enable the company to offer better service to its customers. Threats Cargo price-fixing investigation The US Justice Department and the executive body of the European Union have launched an investigation into allegations of price-fixing in the air cargo industry in February 2006 and one of the companys investigated was Virgin Atlantic. If the company is found to have participated in price-fixing, it may have to pay a significant fine and investor confidence could also be impacted. Rising aviation fuel prices Due to the rising oil prices globally, the prices of aviation fuel have increased substantially. This could impact Virgin Atlantics margins as it is mostly reliant on air freight business. Terrorist attacks and scares can deter passengers from flying When terrorist attacks occur, it places fear in potential customers, and can deter individuals from flying. SEGMENTATION Virgin Atlantic has two primary segments: Upper Class, and Economy class, with Economy Class segmented further to Premium Class, and Regular Economy, consisting of regular economy fare and coach fares. The premium class includes a separate economy cabin for full fares and option to pay extra for chauffeur driven cars and clubhouse lounges. The Upper Class is generally comprised of males between 35 to 45 years of age and that earn more than $75,000 a year. The Premium Economy is used evenly by business and leisure travelers, usually around 40 years of age. Marketing mix: Product For an airline, a marketing mix must be developed keeping both in-flight services, and ground services in mind, while also considering it as a tangible product, as well as a service. On the ground, transportation to and from the airport, online bookings, and check in services as well as duty free shopping, and parking options. In-flight services are most customers primary focus. Staff training becomes essential here, to allow customers to feel approached as they would appreciate, in order to to form customer loyalty and satisfaction. Price Most airlines use competitive pricing for both economy and business travellers. The ticket fare is divided like so: Basic fares; subject to availability, class and destination. Insurance; standardised. Inland Aviation Travel Tax (IATT); depending on the country intended to travel to. Passenger Service Fee (PSF); standardised. Also airlines use seasonal pricing. Tickets are usually more expensive when purchased during peak seasons such as holidays. Promotion In the UK advertising consists primarily of TV, press, magazines, outdoor posters and taxi sides, all featuring our distinctive logo. Advertising allows awareness to be raised of current products, their improvements, and new products, as well as appeal to consumers personally. Postal service allows more direct advertising to target markets and consumers, while informing known customers of improvements. During traditionally low seasons, tactical promotions and price advertising are also used to maximise aircraft capacity. Virgin Atlantic operates a frequent flyer programme, flying club to encourage loyalty in existing flyers. Virgin also markets to travel agents, who are the primary distributors of their airline seats. Along with the usual advertisements, the sales team offers various trade incentives, familiarization trips, and educational/social event deals. Conclusion: Marketing is, very evidently, the Virgin Antlantics key strength. However, the airlines limitations in destinations, is restraining their growth increase. Richard Branson, himself suggested that Virgin Atlantic will be able to reach market-leader reputation if expand from the trans-Atlantic routes, to across the world, while keeping its service, which acts as its key difference between them, and the rest.